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- extacct - introduction to IRIX extended accounting features
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- The accounting done by IRIX has traditionally been process oriented: a
- new accounting record is produced for each process that has been run,
- containing statistics about the resources used by that individual
- process. Although this is fine for sites with average workloads, it can
- be too grainy for sites that have large amounts of traffic, with the
- result that the accounting files quickly become too large and
- unmanageable. Since accounting is typically employed to charge
- individual projects or departments for overall resource utilization, it
- would often be sufficient to simply summarize the resource usage of an
- entire login session or batch job. This could cut down significantly on
- the amount of disk space required for accounting data. Therefore, IRIX
- provides a feature to perform accounting by array session, in which each
- accounting record that is written contains the accumulated statistics for
- all of the processes that were part of that array session. This is in
- addition to process-level accounting, not in place of it; the two
- accounting modes are separately controlled so it is possible to have
- either, both, or neither style of accounting enabled.
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- The data that is collected and reported for array sessions is a superset
- of the data that is reported by the traditional process accounting
- facility. In particular, the following items are reported for array
- sessions but not reported by traditional process accounting:
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- * Array session handle (see _a_r_r_a_y__s_e_s_s_i_o_n_s(5))
- * Service provider information (see _a_r_r_a_y__s_e_s_s_i_o_n_s(5))
- * Project ID (see _p_r_o_j_e_c_t_s(5))
- * Number of swaps
- * Number of bytes read, number of bytes written (separately)
- * Number of read requests, number of write requests
- * Time spent waiting for block I/O
- * Time spent waiting for raw I/O
- * Time spent waiting on the run queue
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- Some of this information would also be useful for sites that otherwise
- make use of process accounting. Therefore, a second type of process
- accounting, "extended process accounting", is provided by IRIX. Again,
- it is controlled separately from session accounting or traditional
- process accounting.
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- IRIX writes session and extended process accounting data using the System
- Audit Trail (SAT) facility. This is different from traditional process
- accounting, which typically writes its data to the file /_v_a_r/_a_d_m/_p_a_c_c_t.
- Audit data is collected directly from the kernel by the _s_a_t_d(1M) program,
- then either written directly to files or else passed on to other filters
- or postprocessing programs. To include accounting records in the audit
- data, it is necessary to enable the audit events ssssaaaatttt____pppprrrroooocccc____aaaacccccccctttt (for
- extended process accounting records) and/or ssssaaaatttt____sssseeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn____aaaacccccccctttt (for session
- accounting records). This can be done using the _s_a_t_c_o_n_f_i_g(1M) or
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- _s_a_t__s_e_l_e_c_t(1M) commands. If the audit facility is not being used for any
- purpose other than accounting, no other events need to be enabled. For
- more information on configuring the audit facility, see the _I_R_I_X _A_d_m_i_n:
- _B_a_c_k_u_p, _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y, _a_n_d _A_c_c_o_u_n_t_i_n_g guide.
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- Session accounting records can be written in two formats, differing only
- in the treatment of service provider information. In IRIX 6.4 and
- earlier, the service provider information for an array session was always
- exactly 64 bytes in length, while starting with IRIX 6.5 it could
- potentially vary from 0 to 1024 bytes in length. In "session accounting
- format 1" (the system default, and the format supported in IRIX 6.4 and
- earlier), exactly 64 bytes of service provider information will be
- reported for each array session. If in fact the array session has fewer
- than 64 bytes of service provider information associated with it, then it
- will be padded at the end with zeroes. Likewise, if it has more than 64
- bytes of service provider information, the 65th and subsequent bytes will
- be truncated. In "session accounting format 2", the exact number of
- bytes of service provider information associated with the array session
- will be reported, along with a field specifying this length. In this
- case, it is possible for session accounting records to have varying
- lengths, but there will be no loss of data. The session accounting
- format can be changed dynamically by the superuser using the _a_r_s_c_t_l(2)
- system call or the _x_a_c_t_l(1M) program. It can also be set for boot time
- be changing the kernel variable sssseeeessssssssaaaaffff using the _s_y_s_t_u_n_e(1M) program.
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- Note that the utility programs for traditional SVR4 process accounting
- (for example, _a_c_c_t_c_m_s, _a_c_c_t_m_e_r_g, and _t_u_r_n_a_c_c_t) do _n_o_t function with the
- extended process accounting or session accounting data. It is possible
- to convert extended accounting data into the SVR4 format (see the
- _a_c_c_t_c_v_t(1) program for details), but the metrics that are unique to
- extended accounting will be lost. Software to process unmodified
- extended accounting data is available from independent software vendors.
- The format of the audit data files themselves are described in the system
- header files _s_y_s/_s_a_t._h and _s_y_s/_e_x_t_a_c_c_t._h.
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- Like any accounting or monitoring package, the extended process
- accounting and session accounting features do contribute to overall
- system overhead. For this reason, they are disabled in the kernel by
- default. To enable these features, use the _s_y_s_t_u_n_e(1M) program to modify
- either or both of these variables:
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- ddddoooo____sssseeeessssssssaaaacccccccctttt Enables session accounting if non-zero
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- ddddoooo____eeeexxxxttttppppaaaacccccccctttt Enables extended process accounting if non-zero
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- The following steps are required to set up session or extended process
- accounting:
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- * Enable session and/or extended process accounting in the kernel by
- using the _s_y_s_t_u_n_e(1M) utility to set the ddddoooo____sssseeeessssssssaaaacccccccctttt and/or
- ddddoooo____eeeexxxxttttppppaaaacccccccctttt parameters to non-zero values.
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- * Use the _i_n_s_t(1M) utility to install the _e_o_e._s_w._a_u_d_i_t subsystem from
- your IRIX distribution media. This will add the special components
- required for the system audit trail facility to your system. It will
- be necessary to reboot the system after completing this step.
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- * Enable the audit facility in general by using the _c_h_k_c_o_n_f_i_g(1M)
- utility as follows:
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- * Use the _s_a_t_c_o_n_f_i_g program to enable the ssssaaaatttt____pppprrrroooocccc____aaaacccccccctttt and/or
- ssssaaaatttt____sssseeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn____aaaacccccccctttt audit events. If the audit facility is being used
- only for accounting purposes, all other events can be turned off to
- conserve disk space.
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- The format of the data stream generated by the System Audit Trail
- facility changed between IRIX 6.2 and IRIX 6.4, then again between IRIX
- 6.4 and IRIX 6.5. Therefore, software that was designed to read
- accounting data from one of those earlier IRIX releases may not work with
- more recent IRIX releases (and vice versa). To help address this
- situation, the _a_c_c_t_c_v_t(1) program can be used to convert data files or
- even the audit data stream (when used as a filter) from one format to
- another.
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- acctcvt(1), audit(1M), sat_select(1M), satconfig(1M), satd(1M),
- systune(1M), xactl(1M), arsctl(2), arsop(2), array_sessions(5),
- audit_filters(5), projects(5).
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- _I_R_I_X _A_d_m_i_n: _B_a_c_k_u_p, _S_e_c_u_r_i_t_y, _a_n_d _A_c_c_o_u_n_t_i_n_g
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